Grammar / B1 : Intermediate / The pluperfect tense

B1Intermediate

The pluperfect tense

Expressing an action that happened before another in the past.

The past of the past

When two actions both happened in the past, French distinguishes which came first. The earlier action uses the plus-que-parfait; the more recent one uses the passé composé or imparfait. In English, this is expressed by "had done": when I arrived, he had already left. French works the same way: quand je suis arrivé, il était déjà parti.

The plus-que-parfait has two other important uses at B1 level: it is the tense of the si clause in type 3 conditionals (covered in the previous lesson), and it appears in reported speech whenever a passé composé event is shifted further into the past.

1.  Formation

The plus-que-parfait is a compound tense formed with the imparfait of the auxiliary (avoir or être) followed by the past participle. The choice of auxiliary and agreement rules are identical to those of the passé composé.

imparfait of avoir/être + past participle

With avoir

SubjectAuxiliaryparlerfairevoir
j'avaisj'avais parléj'avais faitj'avais vu
tuavaistu avais parlétu avais faittu avais vu
il / elle / onavaitil avait parléil avait faitil avait vu
nousavionsnous avions parlénous avions faitnous avions vu
vousaviezvous aviez parlévous aviez faitvous aviez vu
ils / ellesavaientils avaient parléils avaient faitils avaient vu

With être (agreement applies)

SubjectAuxiliarypartiraller
je (masc.)étaisj'étais partij'étais allé
je (fem.)étaisj'étais partiej'étais allée
il / onétaitil était partiil était allé
elleétaitelle était partieelle était allée
nousétionsnous étions parti(e)snous étions allé(e)s
vousétiezvous étiez parti(e)(s)vous étiez allé(e)(s)
ilsétaientils étaient partisils étaient allés
ellesétaientelles étaient partieselles étaient allées

Pronominal verbs

Je m'étais levé(e) à six heures. (I had got up at six.)

Elle s'était souvenue de son rendez-vous. (She had remembered her appointment.)

Ils s'étaient rencontrés à Paris. (They had met in Paris.)

2.  Use 1 (anteriority): expressing what happened first

The core use: marking that one past action happened before another past action. The earlier action takes the plus-que-parfait; the later one takes the passé composé (for completed events) or the imparfait (for states or ongoing situations).

Earlier action → plus-que-parfait

Later action → passé composé or imparfait

Earlier action (PQP)Later action (PC or imparfait)English
Il était déjà partiquand je suis arrivé.He had already left when I arrived.
Elle avait fini son travailavant de sortir.She had finished her work before going out.
Nous avions réservé une tablemais le restaurant était fermé.We had booked a table, but the restaurant was closed.
J'avais oublié mon passeportalors j'ai dû rentrer.I had forgotten my passport, so I had to go back.
Tu avais dit que tu viendrais.(consequence implied)You had said you would come.

After quand, lorsque, dès que, aussitôt que

When a past action in the main clause follows immediately after a prior action, the subordinate clause (introduced by quand, lorsque, dès que) often uses the plus-que-parfait to mark which event came first.

Dès qu'il avait mangé, il se levait. (As soon as he had eaten, he would get up.) (habitual sequence in the past)

Lorsqu'elle était rentrée, il dormait déjà. (When she had come home, he was already asleep.)

Quand tu avais fini, tu nous appelais. (When you had finished, you would call us.)

3.  Use 2 : in si clauses (type 3 conditional)

The plus-que-parfait is the tense required in the si clause of type 3 conditional sentences (covered in the conditionnel passé lesson). It is placed here as a reminder of the connection.

Si j'avais su, je n'aurais pas accepté. (If I had known, I wouldn't have accepted.)

Si tu m'avais appelé, je serais venu. (If you had called me, I would have come.)

Si elle était arrivée plus tôt, elle n'aurait pas raté le train. (If she had arrived earlier, she wouldn't have missed the train.)

4.  Use 3 : reported speech

When reporting what someone said about a past event, a passé composé in direct speech shifts to a plus-que-parfait in indirect speech. This follows the sequence of tenses that governs all reported speech when the main verb is in the past.

Direct speech (passé composé)Reported speech (plus-que-parfait)
Il m'a dit : "J'ai fini."Il m'a dit qu'il avait fini. (He told me he had finished.)
Elle a dit : "Je suis arrivée hier."Elle a dit qu'elle était arrivée la veille. (She said she had arrived the day before.)
Il a expliqué : "Je n'ai pas vu le film."Il a expliqué qu'il n'avait pas vu le film. (He explained that he hadn't seen the film.)
Tu m'as dit : "Je me suis trompé."Tu m'as dit que tu t'étais trompé. (You told me you had made a mistake.)

5.  Common adverbs with the plus-que-parfait

Certain adverbs appear very frequently alongside the plus-que-parfait, reinforcing the idea of temporal sequence.

AdverbMeaningExample
déjàalreadyIl était déjà parti quand j'ai appelé. (He had already left when I called.)
encore (negative)yet (ne... pas encore)Il n'avait pas encore commencé. (He hadn't started yet.)
jamaisnever (before that point)Elle n'avait jamais voyagé seule. (She had never travelled alone.)
toujoursalways (up to that point)Il avait toujours voulu partir. (He had always wanted to leave.)
enfinfinally, at lastIl avait enfin terminé. (He had finally finished.)

6.  The three past tenses working together

In narrative, all three past tenses appear together. Their roles are distinct and complementary.

plus-que-parfait = what happened BEFORE the story's reference point

passé composé = the events of the story, in sequence

imparfait = the background, descriptions, states, habits

Ce soir-là, quand Marie est arrivée (PC) à la gare, elle était (imparfait) épuisée. Son train avait eu (PQP) deux heures de retard et elle n'avait pas mangé (PQP) depuis le matin. Elle a cherché (PC) un taxi, mais il n'y en avait (imparfait) plus. Finalement, elle a appelé (PC) son frère, qui était (imparfait) heureusement encore réveillé.

That evening, when Marie arrived at the station, she was exhausted. Her train had been delayed by two hours and she hadn't eaten since the morning. She looked for a taxi, but there were none left. Finally, she called her brother, who was fortunately still awake.

7.  Key points

✓  Formation: imparfait of avoir/être + past participle (same auxiliary rules as passé composé)

✓  Main use: expressing the EARLIER of two past actions

✓  Earlier action → PQP / later action → passé composé or imparfait

✓  Frequent markers: déjà (already), ne... pas encore (not yet), jamais (never before), enfin (finally)

✓  In si clauses (type 3): si + PQP → conditionnel passé

✓  In reported speech: passé composé in direct speech → PQP in reported speech

✓  In narrative: PQP (background past) + passé composé (events) + imparfait (states/descriptions)

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