Grammar / A1 : Beginner / Question words

A1Beginner

Question words

qui, quoi, où, quand, comment, combien, pourquoi.

The words that open conversation

Questions that can only be answered yes or no take you a limited distance. The moment you add an interrogative word, the conversation opens up entirely. Où, quand, comment, pourquoi, qui, que: these six words, along with combien and quel, unlock almost every real exchange you will need at this level: asking where someone lives, when something happens, why a decision was made, how much something costs, who is coming.

This lesson covers each word in detail, shows how they combine with the three question forms from the previous lesson, and addresses the key distinction between que and quoi, a point that causes persistent confusion.

1.  The core question words

WordMeaningExample
oùwhereOù habitez-vous ? (Where do you live?)
quandwhenQuand est-ce que tu arrives ? (When do you arrive?)
commenthow, what (for names)Comment tu t'appelles ? (What is your name?)
pourquoiwhyPourquoi tu pars si tôt ? (Why are you leaving so early?)
quiwhoQui est-ce ? (Who is it?)
que / qu'est-ce quewhat (as object of verb)Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? (What are you doing?)
quoiwhat (after preposition or informal)De quoi tu parles ? (What are you talking about?)
combienhow much, how manyC'est combien ? (How much is it?)
quel / quelle / quels / quelleswhich, what (agrees with noun)Quel film tu regardes ? (Which film are you watching?)

2.  Position of interrogative words

Interrogative words combine with the three question forms from the previous lesson. Their position in the sentence changes depending on the form used.

In the informal intonation form, the question word typically moves to the end of the sentence. In the est-ce que form and in inversion, it goes to the beginning.

WordInformal (word at end)Est-ce que (word at start)Inversion (word at start)
oùTu habites où ?Où est-ce que tu habites ?Où habites-tu ?
quandIl arrive quand ?Quand est-ce qu'il arrive ?Quand arrive-t-il ?
commentTu t'appelles comment ?Comment est-ce que tu t'appelles ?Comment t'appelles-tu ?
pourquoiTu pars pourquoi ?Pourquoi est-ce que tu pars ?Pourquoi pars-tu ?
combienÇa coûte combien ?Combien est-ce que ça coûte ?Combien cela coûte-t-il ?

💡 The word-at-end position (Tu habites où ?) is very informal and extremely common in everyday speech. The word-at-start position (Où est-ce que tu habites ?) is neutral and works in most situations. For learners, placing the interrogative word at the start with est-ce que is always a safe and correct choice.

3.  qui : asking about people

qui is used to ask about people, whether they are the subject or object of the verb.

FunctionQuestionExample and answer
qui as subjectQui + verb ?Qui parle ? (Who is speaking?) → Marie parle.
qui as objectQui est-ce que + subject + verb ?Qui est-ce que tu attends ? (Who are you waiting for?) → J'attends Marc.
qui after prepositionPreposition + qui + est-ce que... ?À qui est-ce que tu parles ? (Who are you talking to?) → Je parle à Marie.
Identifying a personQui est-ce ?Qui est-ce ? (Who is it?) → C'est mon professeur.

Qui habite dans cet appartement ? (Who lives in that flat?)

Avec qui est-ce que tu travailles ? (Who do you work with?)

Tu appelles qui ? (Who are you calling?) (informal)

C'est qui ? (Who is it?) (very informal, spoken French)

4.  que, qu'est-ce que, quoi : asking about things

Three forms serve to ask "what" in French. The choice between them depends on register and position in the sentence.

FormUseExample
Qu'est-ce queMost common neutral form, what (as object)Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? (What are you doing?)
QueFormal (always at start, triggers inversion)Que fais-tu ? (What are you doing?)
quoiInformal (at end, or after prepositions)Tu fais quoi ? / De quoi tu parles ?
Qu'est-ce quiWhat (as subject of the verb)Qu'est-ce qui se passe ? (What is happening?)

Quick rule for learners:

Use qu'est-ce que for "what" when "what" is the object: Qu'est-ce que tu manges ?

Use qu'est-ce qui for "what" when "what" is the subject: Qu'est-ce qui fait ce bruit ? (What is making that noise?)

Use quoi after prepositions or informally at the end: De quoi tu as besoin ? / Tu as besoin de quoi ?

Qu'est-ce que tu veux manger ce soir ? (What do you want to eat tonight?)

Qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie ? (What do you do for a living?)

C'est quoi, ça ? (What is that?) (informal, very common)

À quoi tu penses ? (What are you thinking about?)

Qu'est-ce qui t'intéresse dans ce métier ? (What interests you about this job?)

5.  quel / quelle / quels / quelles : which, what (with a noun)

quel is an adjective; it always accompanies a noun and agrees with it in gender and number. It asks for a choice or identification among possibilities.

FormGender and numberExample
quelMasculine singularQuel film tu regardes ? (Which film are you watching?)
quelleFeminine singularQuelle heure est-il ? (What time is it?)
quelsMasculine pluralQuels sports tu pratiques ? (What sports do you do?)
quellesFeminine pluralQuelles langues est-ce que vous parlez ? (What languages do you speak?)

quel can also be separated from its noun by a form of être:

Quel est ton prénom ? (What is your first name?) (quel + est + noun)

Quelle est ta nationalité ? (What is your nationality?)

Quels sont tes hobbies ? (What are your hobbies?)

Quel est votre numéro de téléphone ? (What is your phone number?)

💡 Quel âge as-tu ? (How old are you?) and Quelle heure est-il ? (What time is it?) are fixed expressions. Note that quel âge uses quel (masculine, because âge is masculine), and quelle heure uses quelle (feminine, because heure is feminine).

6.  combien : how much, how many

combien on its own asks about an unspecified quantity or price. combien de (followed by a noun without article) asks about a specific countable or measurable quantity.

StructureExample
combien aloneC'est combien ? (How much is it?)  ·  Combien coûte ce livre ? (How much does this book cost?)
combien de + nounCombien de langues tu parles ? (How many languages do you speak?)
combien de tempsCombien de temps ça prend ? (How long does it take?)
combien de foisCombien de fois par semaine ? (How many times a week?)

Combien d'enfants est-ce que vous avez ? (How many children do you have?)

Combien de temps est-ce que tu restes à Paris ? (How long are you staying in Paris?)

Ça fait combien en tout ? (How much does that come to in total?) (informal)

7.  Question words with prepositions

Several interrogative words combine regularly with prepositions. The preposition always comes first, before the question word.

ExpressionMeaningExample
d'oùfrom where, where fromTu viens d'où ? / D'où venez-vous ? (Where are you from?)
jusqu'oùhow farJusqu'où tu vas ? (How far are you going?)
depuis quandsince when, how longDepuis quand tu habites ici ? (How long have you lived here?)
jusqu'à quanduntil whenJusqu'à quand est-ce que tu restes ? (Until when are you staying?)
à quito whom, whoseÀ qui est ce manteau ? (Whose coat is this?)
avec quiwith whomAvec qui tu travailles ? (Who do you work with?)
pour quoi / pourquoifor what reason / whyPourquoi tu ne viens pas ? (Why aren't you coming?)

8.  Essential fixed expressions

These question patterns appear constantly in spoken and written French at A1 level. They should become automatic.

Comment tu t'appelles ? / Comment vous appelez-vous ?: What is your name?

Quel âge as-tu ? / Vous avez quel âge ?: How old are you?

Quelle heure est-il ? / Il est quelle heure ?: What time is it?

Où est-ce que tu habites ? / Tu habites où ?: Where do you live?

Tu viens d'où ? / D'où venez-vous ?: Where are you from?

Qu'est-ce que tu fais dans la vie ?: What do you do for a living?

C'est combien ? / Combien ça coûte ?: How much is it?

Pourquoi pas ?: Why not?

Comment ça va ?: How are you?

Qu'est-ce qui se passe ?: What is happening?

9.  Key points

✓  Core question words: où (where) / quand (when) / comment (how) / pourquoi (why) / qui (who) / combien (how much/many)

✓ Position: with intonation, question words often go to the END: Tu habites où ?

✓ Position: with est-ce que or inversion, they go to the START: Où est-ce que tu habites ?

✓ Qu'est-ce que = what (object): Qu'est-ce que tu fais ?

✓ Qu'est-ce qui = what (subject): Qu'est-ce qui se passe ?

✓ quoi = what (after preposition or informal at end): De quoi tu parles ? / Tu fais quoi ?

✓  quel/quelle/quels/quelles agrees with the noun it accompanies

✓  combien de + noun (no article): Combien de langues tu parles ?

✓  Preposition + question word: d'où, depuis quand, avec qui, à qui

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